Methodology

The guideline has been developed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guidance in association with the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. All searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, and were updated for the final time on 21 September 2015. No further papers were added to the databases after this date.

Papers published only in the English language were included

SIGN methodology for the development of guidelines was utilised. This involved an iterative process, including papers of sequentially lower grade, until no evidence was available. Highest grade evidence was sought from papers using the following PROMs:

Patient Rated Wrist E score (PRWE)
The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) or Quick DASH score
Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM)
Gartland and Werley score

The search criteria were based on the PICO format and all searches performed on the same day:

Patients or population to which the question applies
Intervention (or diagnostic test, exposure, risk factor, etc.) being considered in relation to these patients
Comparison(s) to be made between those receiving the intervention and another group who do not receive the intervention
Outcome(s) to be used to establish the size of any effect caused by the intervention

NICE methodology was used to categorise papers identified for review.

SIGN checklists used to grade different paper types:

Systematic reviews checklist
- 13 questions – 11 internal validity, 2 overall assessment
Controlled trial checklist
- 13 questions – 10 internal validity, 3 overall assessment
Case Control checklist
- 14 questions – 11 internal validity, 3 overall assessment
Cohort studies checklist
- 17 questions – 14 internal validity, 3 overall assessment

Paper accepted if:

Systematic review –

Controlled trial –

Case control –

Cohort studies –

Case control – score of 11 or more on the Institute of Health Economics (Canada) checklist.

Search Strategy

Emergency Department

1 Cochrane central register of clinical trials search strategy

#1 MeSH descriptor: [Radius Fractures] explode all trees

#2 MeSH descriptor: [Wrist Injuries] explode all trees

#3 Radius near fracture in Title, Abstract and Keywords

#4 Distal near radius in Title, Abstract and Keywords

#5 Colles in Title, Abstract and Keywords

#6 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5

2 Medline search strategy

#1 radius fracture [MeSH]

#2 wrist injuries [MeSH]

#3 Colles’ fracture [MeSH]

#4 radius [tiab]

#5 wrist* [tiab]

#6 Colles’ [tiab]

#7 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6

#8 fractur*[tiab]

#9 adult [MeSH]

#10 adult [tiab]

#11 #8 OR #9 OR #10

#12 “Animals”[MeSH] NOT ”Humans”[MeSH] AND “Animals”[MeSH])

#13 #11 NOT #12

#14 #7 AND #11 AND #13

3 EMBASE search strategy

1. exp RADIUS FRACTURE/

2. exp WRIST FRACTURE/

3. exp COLLES FRACTURE/

4. (radius adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

5. (radial adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

6. (wrist adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

7. (Colles adj2 fracture*).ti,ab

8. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7

9. 8 [Limit to: (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]

4 CINAHL search strategy

1. exp RADIUS FRACTURES/

2. exp WRIST FRACTURES/

3. (radius adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

4. (radial adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

5. (wrist adj4 fracture*).ti,ab

6. (Colles adj2 fracture*).ti,ab

7. 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6

8. 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]

Vitamin C

"ascorbate*".ti,ab; 

"L-ascorbic acid*".ti,ab; 

"vitamin c".ti,ab;

Effect of manipulation

"manipulation*".ti,ab

“MUA” .ti,ab

“Manipulation under anaesthetic”.af

"reduction*".ti,ab

AND

"complication*".ti,ab

"surgery*".ti,ab 

Radiographic parameters and function

DISPLACEMENT.ti,ab;

TILT.ti,ab;

ANGULATION.ti,ab;

TRANSLATION.ti,ab;

SHORTENING.ti,ab;

ROTATION.ti,ab;

IMPACTION.ti,ab;

COMMINUTION.ti,ab;  

AND

FUNCTION*.ti,ab; 

OUTCOME*.ti,ab; 

Fracture Clinic

Anxiety

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; ANXIETY/; 15529 results.

10. CINAHL; anxi*.ti,ab; 26934 results.

11. CINAHL; catastrophi*.ti,ab; 2166 results.

12. CINAHL; 9 OR 10 OR 11; 34861 results.

13. CINAHL; 8 AND 12 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 6 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7281 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4241 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4060 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2274 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1639 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13871 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6258 results.

10. EMBASE; CATASTROPHIS*.ti,ab; 215 results.

11. EMBASE; ANXIETY.ti,ab; 155764 results.

12. EMBASE; 10 OR 11; 155911 results.

13. EMBASE; 9 AND 12 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 15

results.

14. EMBASE; CATASTROPHISING/; 1120 results.

15. EMBASE; Catastrophi*.ti,ab; 14857 results.

16. EMBASE; ANXI*.ti,ab; 173392 results.

17. EMBASE; ANXIETY/; 122568 results.

18. EMBASE; 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17; 221713 results.

19. EMBASE; 13 AND 18 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 15 results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7455 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5240 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34451 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26591 results.

6. MEDLINE; Colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63584 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 177931 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5628420 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 532973 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5949245 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3879559 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5754671 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6672 results.

15. MEDLINE; CATASTROPHI*.ti,ab; 11693 results.

16. MEDLINE; ANXI*.ti,ab; 129027 results.

17. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16; 139987 results.

18. MEDLINE; 14 AND 17; 19 results.

19. MEDLINE; CATASTROPHISATION/; 452 results.

20. MEDLINE; 17 OR 19; 140062 results.

21. MEDLINE; 14 AND 20; 19 results.

22. MEDLINE; ANXIETY/; 54133 results.

23. MEDLINE; 20 OR 22; 156823 results.

24. MEDLINE; 14 AND 23; 19 results.

Comminution

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; DISPLACE*.ti,ab; 5929 results.

10. CINAHL; COMMINUT*.ti,ab; 472 results.

11. CINAHL; 9 AND 10; 131 results.

12. CINAHL; 8 AND 11 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 17 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7281 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4241 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4060 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2274 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1639 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13871 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6258 results.

10. EMBASE; DISPLAC*.ti,ab; 108200 results.

11. EMBASE; COMMINUT*.ti,ab; 5010 results.

12. EMBASE; 10 AND 11; 937 results.

13. EMBASE; EARLY.ti,ab; 1305908 results.

14. EMBASE; 12 AND 13; 194 results.

15. EMBASE; 9 AND 14 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 31

results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7455 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5240 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34451 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26591 results.

6. MEDLINE; Colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63584 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 177931 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5628420 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 532973 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5949245 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3879559 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5754671 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6672 results.

15. MEDLINE; DISPLACE*.ti,ab; 101474 results.

16. MEDLINE; COMMINUT*.ti,ab; 4513 results.

17. MEDLINE; 15 AND 16; 885 results.

18. MEDLINE; 14 AND 17; 150 results.

Initial Displacement

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; re-displac*.ti,ab; 10 results.

10. CINAHL; (Displac* AND Again).ti,ab; 52 results.

11. CINAHL; (Displac* AND Further).ti,ab; 449 results.

12. CINAHL; (Displac* AND Initial).ti,ab; 357 results.

13. CINAHL; 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12; 814 results.

14. CINAHL; 8 AND 13 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 20 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7286 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4247 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4063 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2277 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1641 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13884 results.

8. EMBASE; re-displac*.ti,ab; 62 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6268 results.

10. EMBASE; (Displac* AND Again).ti,ab; 855 results.

11. EMBASE; (Displac* AND Initial).ti,ab; 5893 results.

12. EMBASE; (Displac* AND Further).ti,ab; 9001 results.

13. EMBASE; re-diplac*.ti,ab; 0 results.

14. EMBASE; 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13; 14895 results.

15. EMBASE; 9 AND 14 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 121 results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7464 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5242 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34503 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26636 results.

6. MEDLINE; Colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63681 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 178170 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5632819 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 533511 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5953961 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3881514 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5759244 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6679 results.

15. MEDLINE; re-displac*.ti,ab; 53 results.

16. MEDLINE; (Displac* AND Initial).ti,ab; 5372 results.

17. MEDLINE; (Displac* AND AGAIN).ti,ab; 781 results.

18. MEDLINE; (Displac* AND Further).ti,ab; 7973 results.

19. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18; 13486 results.

20. MEDLINE; 14 AND 19; 155 results.

Age

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; DISPLACE*.ti,ab; 5929 results.

10. CINAHL; Stability.ti,ab; 12127 results.

11. CINAHL; Age*.ti,ab; 292620 results.

12. CINAHL; Year*.ti,ab; 300093 results.

13. CINAHL; 9 OR 10; 17621 results.

14. CINAHL; 11 OR 12; 452500 results.

15. CINAHL; 8 AND 13 AND 14 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 69 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4247 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4063 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2277 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1641 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13884 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6268 results.

10. EMBASE; displace*.ti,ab; 104698 results.

11. EMBASE; Stability.ti,ab; 285825 results.

12. EMBASE; AGE*.ti,ab; 3310562 results.

13. EMBASE; YEAR*.ti,ab; 3230089 results.

14. EMBASE; 10 OR 11; 385951 results.

15. EMBASE; 12 OR 13; 5039062 results.

16. EMBASE; 9 AND 14 AND 15 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+

years)]; 503 results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7464 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5242 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34503 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26636 results.

6. MEDLINE; Colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63681 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 178170 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5632819 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 533511 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5953961 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3881514 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5759244 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6679 results.

15. MEDLINE; Displace*.ti,ab; 101596 results.

16. MEDLINE; Stability.ti,ab; 258246 results.

17. MEDLINE; Age*.ti,ab; 2559091 results.

18. MEDLINE; Year*.ti,ab; 2467692 results.

19. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16; 355514 results.

20. MEDLINE; 17 OR 18; 3962329 results.

21. MEDLINE; 14 AND 19 AND 20; 490 results.

Splint

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; Splint*.ti,ab; 2001 results.

10. CINAHL; Plaster*.ti,ab; 500 results.

11. CINAHL; 9 OR 10; 2441 results.

12. CINAHL; 8 AND 11 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 39 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7286 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4247 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4063 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2277 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1641 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13884 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6268 results.

10. EMBASE; Splint*.ti,ab; 11818 results.

11. EMBASE; Plaster*.ti,ab; 6327 results.

12. EMBASE; 10 OR 11; 17714 results.

13. EMBASE; 9 AND 12 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 380

results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7464 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5242 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34503 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26636 results.

6. MEDLINE; Colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63681 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 178170 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5632819 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 533511 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5953961 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3881514 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5759244 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6679 results.

15. MEDLINE; SPLINT*.ti,ab; 11240 results.

16. MEDLINE; PLASTER*.ti,ab; 5819 results.

17. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16; 16680 results.

18. MEDLINE; 14 AND 17; 418 results.

Flexion

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; FLEX*.ti,ab; 21738 results.

10. CINAHL; EXTEN*.ti,ab; 75363 results.

12. CINAHL; DORSIFLEX*.ti,ab; 1517 results.

13. CINAHL; DORSI-FLEX*.ti,ab; 31 results.

14. CINAHL; PALMARFLEX*.ti,ab; 0 results.

15. CINAHL; PALMAR-FLEX*.ti,ab; 11 results.

16. CINAHL; Plaster*.ti,ab; 500 results.

17. CINAHL; CAST*.ti,ab; 5371 results.

18. CINAHL; 9 OR 10 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15; 92000 results.

19. CINAHL; 16 OR 17; 5617 results.

20. CINAHL; 8 AND 18 AND 19 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 18 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7286 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4247 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4063 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2277 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1641 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13884 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6268 results.

10. EMBASE; Flex*.ti,ab; 195274 results.

11. EMBASE; EXTEN*.ti,ab; 1224191 results.

12. EMBASE; DORSIFLEX*.ti,ab; 5405 results.

13. EMBASE; DORSI-FLEX*.ti,ab; 203 results.

14. EMBASE; PALMARFLEX*.ti,ab; 12 results.

15. EMBASE; PALMAR-FLEX*.ti,ab; 188 results.

16. EMBASE; 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15; 1379870 results.

17. EMBASE; Plaster*.ti,ab; 6327 results.

18. EMBASE; CAST*.ti,ab; 79897 results.

19. EMBASE; 17 OR 18; 83733 results.

20. EMBASE; 9 AND 16 AND 19 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+

years)]; 106 results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7464 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5242 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34503 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26636 results.

6. MEDLINE; colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63681 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 178170 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5632819 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 533511 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5953961 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3881514 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5759244 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6679 results.

15. MEDLINE; FLEX*.ti,ab; 173966 results.

16. MEDLINE; EXTEN*.ti,ab; 1083725 results.

17. MEDLINE; DORSI-FLEX*.ti,ab; 146 results.

18. MEDLINE; DORSIFLEX*.ti,ab; 4657 results.

19. MEDLINE; PALMAR-FLEX*.ti,ab; 177 results.

20. MEDLINE; PALMARFLEX*.ti,ab; 8 results.

21. MEDLINE; PLASTER*.ti,ab; 5819 results.

22. MEDLINE; CAST*.ti,ab; 72902 results.

23. MEDLINE; 21 OR 22; 76327 results.

24. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20; 1222856 results.

25. MEDLINE; 14 AND 23 AND 24; 117 results.

Remove POP 4 or 6 weeks

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 909 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/; 389 results.

3. CINAHL; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 510 results.

4. CINAHL; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 372 results.

5. CINAHL; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 274 results.

6. CINAHL; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 81 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 1628 results.

8. CINAHL; 7 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 719 results.

9. CINAHL; MOBILI*.ti,ab; 15640 results.

10. CINAHL; IMMOBILI*.ti,ab; 3029 results.

11. CINAHL; REHAB*.ti,ab; 49777 results.

12. CINAHL; LATE.ti,ab; 20598 results.

13. CINAHL; EARLY.ti,ab; 90528 results.

14. CINAHL; 9 OR 10 OR 11; 65674 results.

15. CINAHL; 13 OR 14; 151666 results.

16. CINAHL; 8 AND 14 AND 15 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 104 results.

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/; 7286 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/; 4247 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/; 921 results.

4. EMBASE; ((radius adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 4063 results.

5. EMBASE; ((radial adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 2277 results.

6. EMBASE; ((wrist adj4 fracture*)).ti,ab; 1641 results.

7. EMBASE; ((Colles adj2 fracture*)).ti,ab; 866 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7; 13884 results.

9. EMBASE; 8 [limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6268 results.

10. EMBASE; MOBILI*.ti,ab; 181747 results.

11. EMBASE; IMMOBILI*.ti,ab; 102401 results.

12. EMBASE; REHAB*.ti,ab; 150184 results.

13. EMBASE; LATE.ti,ab; 365307 results.

14. EMBASE; EARLY.ti,ab; 1306815 results.

15. EMBASE; 10 OR 11 OR 12; 422991 results.

16. EMBASE; 13 OR 14; 1528206 results.

17. EMBASE; 9 AND 15 AND 16 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 266 results.

1. MEDLINE; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/; 7464 results.

2. MEDLINE; exp WRIST INJURIES/; 5242 results.

3. MEDLINE; exp COLLES' FRACTURE/; 740 results.

4. MEDLINE; radius.ti,ab; 34503 results.

5. MEDLINE; wrist*.ti,ab; 26636 results.

6. MEDLINE; colles'.ti,ab; 899 results.

7. MEDLINE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6; 63681 results.

8. MEDLINE; fractur*.ti,ab; 178170 results.

9. MEDLINE; exp ADULT/; 5632819 results.

10. MEDLINE; adult.ti,ab; 533511 results.

11. MEDLINE; 9 OR 10; 5953961 results.

12. MEDLINE; ANIMALS/ NOT (HUMANS/ AND ANIMALS/); 3881514 results.

13. MEDLINE; 11 NOT 12; 5759244 results.

14. MEDLINE; 7 AND 8 AND 13; 6679 results.

15. MEDLINE; Mobili*.ti,ab; 161802 results.

16. MEDLINE; IMMOBILI*.ti,ab; 88841 results.

17. MEDLINE; REHAB*.ti,ab; 111745 results.

18. MEDLINE; LATE.ti,ab; 310251 results.

19. MEDLINE; EARLY.ti,ab; 1073258 results.

20. MEDLINE; 18 OR 19; 1263345 results.

21. MEDLINE; 15 OR 16 OR 17; 354048 results.

22. MEDLINE; 14 AND 20 AND 21; 249 results.

Surgery

The Cochrane Library (Wiley Online Library)

#1 MeSH descriptor: [Radius Fractures] explode all trees (296)
#2 ((radius or radial) near/3 fracture*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched) (523)
#3 #1 or #2 (554)
#4 distal:ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched) (5270)
#5 #3 and #4 (416)
#6 ((wrist or Colles or Smith*) near/3 fracture*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched) (335)
#7 DRF:ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched) (10)
#8 #5 or #6 or #7 (691)
#9 MeSH descriptor: [Orthopaedic Fixation Devices] explode all trees (2050)
#10 MeSH descriptor: [Fracture Fixation] explode all trees (1248)
#11 pin or pins or pinned or pinning or nail* or screw* or rod or rods or plate or plates or plating or plated or wire* or fix* or ORIF:ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched) (18268)
#12 #9 or #10 or #11 (18865)
#13 #8 and #12 in Other Reviews and Trials (347)

MEDLINE (Ovid Online)

1 exp Radius Fractures/ (7477)
2 ((radius or radial) adj3 fracture*).tw. (4451)
3 1 or 2 (8647)
4 distal.tw. (174359)
5 3 and 4 (4097)
6 ((wrist or colles or Smith*) adj3 fracture*).tw. (1916)
7 DRF.tw. (429)
8 5 or 6 or 7 (5960)
9 exp Orthopaedic Fixation Devices/ (60296)
10 exp Fracture Fixation/ (47157)
11 (pin*1 or nail* or screw*1 or rod*1 or plate*1 or wire* or plating or fix* or ORIF).tw. (523888)
12 9 and 10 and 11 (17188)
13 8 and 12 (1097)
14 Randomised controlled trial.pt. (385578)
15 Controlled clinical trial.pt. (89643)
16 randomised.ab. (305829)
17 placebo.ab. (158598)
18 Drug therapy.fs. (1732360)
19 randomly.ab. (220178)
20 trial.ab. (317691)
21 groups.ab. (1393668)
22 or/14-21 (3420134)
23 exp Animals/ not Humans/ (3993941)
24 22 not 23 (2936474)
25 13 and 24 (255)

EMBASE (Ovid Online)

1 Radius Fracture/ (7268)
2 ((radius or radial) adj3 fracture*).tw. (4995)
3 1 or 2 (8690)
4 distal.tw. (209816)
5 3 and 4 (4359)
6 Colles Fracture/ or Wrist Fracture/ (3178)
7 ((wrist or Colles or Smith*) adj3 fracture*).tw. (2319)
8 DRF.tw. (645)
9 or/5-8 (8410)
10 exp Orthopaedic Fixation Device/ (43528)
11 exp Fracture Fixation/ (66305)
12 (pin*1 or nail* or screw*1 or rod*1 or plate*1 or wire* or plating or fix* or ORIF).tw. (604756)
13 and/10-12 (14605)
14 9 and 13 (690)
15 Randomised controlled trial/ (350059)
16 Clinical trial/ (837424)
17 Controlled clinical trial/ (386288)
18 Randomisation/ (62917)
19 Single blind procedure/ (18684)
20 Double blind procedure/ (117356)
21 Crossover procedure/ (39813)
22 Placebo/ (256729)
23 Prospective study/ (258663)
24 ((clinical or controlled or comparative or placebo or prospective* or randomised) adj3 (trial or study)).tw. (776808)
25 (random* adj7 (allocat* or allot* or assign* or basis* or divid* or order*)).tw. (188506)
26 ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) adj7 (blind* or mask*)).tw. (168400)
27 (cross?over* or (cross adj1 over*)).tw. (72008)
28 ((allocat* or allot* or assign* or divid*) adj3 (condition* or experiment* or intervention* or treatment* or therap* or control* or group*)).tw. (248679)
29 RCT.tw. (14510)
30 or/15-29 (1942187)
31 Case Study/ or Abstract Report/ or Letter/ (944121)
32 30 not 31 (1903009)
33 14 and 32 (124)

CINAHL (Ebsco)

S1 (MH "Radius Fractures") (1,346)
S2 TX ((radius or radial) n3 fracture*) (1,679)
S3 S1 OR S2 (1,679)
S4 TX distal (11,975)
S5 S3 AND S4 (998)
S6 (MH "Wrist Fractures") (381)
S7 TX ((wrist or Colles or Smith*) n3 fracture*) (679)
S8 TX DRF (71)
S9 S5 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 (1,648)
S10 (MH "Orthopaedic Fixation Devices") (10,732)
S11 (MH "Fracture Fixation") (6,918)
S12 TX (pin or pins or pinned or pinning or nail* or screw* or rod or rods or plate or plates or wire* or plating or fix* or ORIF) (57,237)
S13 S10 OR S11 OR S12 (57,237)
S14 S9 AND S13 (682)
S15 PT Clinical Trial 76,(472)
S16 (MH "Clinical Trials+") (178,071)
S17 TI clinical trial* OR AB clinical trial* (42,322)
S18 TI ( (single blind* or double blind*) ) OR AB ( (single blind* or double blind*) ) (20,304)
S19 TI random* OR AB random* (139,739)
S20 S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19 (261,048)
S21 S14 AND S20 (110)

Rehabilitation

Cinahl

1. CINAHL; exp RADIUS FRACTURES/ [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 456 results.

2. CINAHL; exp WRIST FRACTURES/ [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 140 results.

3. CINAHL; (radius adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 226 results.

4. CINAHL; (radial adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 221 results.

5. CINAHL; (wrist adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 138 results.

6. CINAHL; (colles adj2 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 41 results.

7. CINAHL; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 748 results.

8. CINAHL; exp REHABILITATION/ [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 53220 results.

9. CINAHL; exp EXERCISE/ [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 24018 results.

10. CINAHL; (physio* OR rehab* OR exercis* OR therap* OR (occupational therapy) OR (physical therapy) OR (hand therapy)).ti,ab [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 118415 results.

11. CINAHL; 8 OR 9 OR 10 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 154198 results.

12. CINAHL; 7 AND 11 [Limit to: (Age Groups All Adult)]; 179 results.

EMBASE

1. EMBASE; exp RADIUS FRACTURE/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 3389 results.

2. EMBASE; exp WRIST FRACTURE/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 2096 results.

3. EMBASE; exp COLLES FRACTURE/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 461 results.

4. EMBASE; (radius adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 2149 results.

5. EMBASE; (radial adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 1189 results.

6. EMBASE; (wrist adj4 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 895 results.

7. EMBASE; (colles adj2 fracture*).ti,ab [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 433 results.

8. EMBASE; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 6650 results.

9. EMBASE; exp REHABILITATION/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 111516 results.

10. EMBASE; exp EXERCISE/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 89585 results.

11. EMBASE; exp PHYSIOTHERAPY/ [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 19951 results.

12. EMBASE; (physio* AND rehab* OR therap* OR exercis* OR (occupational therapy) OR (physical therapy) OR (hand therapy)).ti,ab [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 813497 results.

13. EMBASE; 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 932128 results.

14. EMBASE; 8 AND 13 [Limit to: Human and (Human Age Groups Adult 18 to 64 years or Aged 65+ years)]; 1248 results.

Medline

1. Medline; RADIUS FRACTURES/ [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 53 results.

2. Medline; WRIST INJURIES/ [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 26 results.

3. Medline; COLLES' FRACTURE/ [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 0 results.

4. Medline; radius.ti,ab [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 149 results.

5. Medline; wrist*.ti,ab [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 190 results.

6. Medline; colles'.ti,ab [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 0 results.

7. Medline; 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 65999 results.

8. Medline; REHABILITATION/ [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 1077 results.

9. Medline; EXERCISE/ [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 738 results.

10. Medline; ((physio* OR rehab* OR exercis* OR therap* OR (occupational therapy) OR (physical therapy) OR (hand therapy))).ti,ab [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 20623 results.

11. Medline; 8 OR 9 OR 10 [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 271964 results.

12. Medline; 7 AND 11 [Limit to: Publication Year Current-2015 and (Language English) and Humans]; 62 results.

#2	MESH DESCRIPTOR wrist injuries EXPLODE ALL TREES	87
#3	(Radius near fracture ):TI,AB,KY	155
#4	(Distal near radius):TI,AB,KY	558
#5	Colles:TI,AB,KY	206
#6	#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5	888

Fragility Fracture

References:

Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, De LC, Dawson A. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int. 2001; 12(5):417-427.
Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Cauley JA. Wrist fracture and risk of subsequent fracture: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2015;30(11):2086-95
Distal radius fracture risk reduction with a comprehensive osteoporosis management program. Harness NG et al. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Aug;37(8):1543-9.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg146/evidence/osteoporosis-fragility-fracture-full-guideline-186818365 [ accessed 3/3/2016]
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg161/chapter/1-recommendations#preventing-falls-in-older-people-2 [ accessed 3/3/2016]
Sherringtonetal.2011 Exercisetopreventfallsinolderadults:anupdatedmeta-analysisandbestpracticerecommendations.’ NewSouth Wales Public Health Bulletin
https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/fracture-liaison-service-database-fls-db [ accessed 3/3/2016]
https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/falls-and-fragility-fracture-audit-programme-fffap [ accessed 3/3/2016]

Outcome Measures

Supplemental data.

Acknowledgements:

The GDG wish to acknowledge the contribution of the following medical statisticians to the outcomes chapter who provided their expertise in applying the COSMIN critical appraisal checklist to the included studies.

-Trish Hepburn, Senior Statistician Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham

- Archan Bhattacharya, Research Fellow Statistics/Epidemiology both from the Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham

Table 12.6.1 Studies of PROMs in languages other than English

Study	PROM	Questionnaire Language	Patients	Measurement properties assessed
Wilcke et al. (2009)¹³	PRWE	Swedish	Adults (n=99)	Reliability Content Validity Structural Validity Cross-cultural Validity Criterion Validity Responsiveness
Lovgren et al. (2012)¹⁴	PRWE DASH	Swedish	Adults (n₁=16, n₂=16)	Internal Consistency Reliability Criterion Validity
Schonnemann et al. (2011)¹⁵	DASH	Danish	Adults (n=60)	Internal Consistency Reliability Content Validity Structural Validity Responsiveness
Schonnemann et al. (2013)¹⁶	PRWE	Danish	Adults (n=60)	Reliability Content Validity Structural Validity Cross-cultural Validity Criterion Validity Responsiveness
Hemelaers et al. (2008)¹⁷	PRWE	German	Adults (n=44)	Internal Consistency Reliability Structural Validity
Kim et al. (2013)¹⁸	PRWE	Korean	Adults (n=63)	Internal Consistency Reliability Structural Validity Cross-cultural Validity Criterion Validity Responsiveness
Mehta et al. (2012)¹⁹	PRWE	Hindi	Adults (n=50)	Internal Consistency Reliability Structural Validity Cross-cultural Validity Responsiveness

Table 12.6.2 Measurement properties for PROMs in the English language in the setting of adults with a distal radius fracture

Study	Study size	Measurement property
Study	Study size	Internal consistency	Test-retest reliability	Validity	Responsiveness
PRWE
MacDermid et al. (2000)	N=59				SRM/ Effect size =2.27/1.86 (0-3 months) =0.74/0.50 (3-6 months) =2.95/3.91 (0-6 months)
MacDermid et al. (1998)	N=64		Acute fracture: ICC=0.90 Treated fracture: ICC=0.97
PEM
Forward et al. (2007)	N=200	Cronbach’s =0.94		vs DASH Spearman’s r=0.73
DASH
MacDermid et al. (2000)	N=59				SRM/Effect Size =2.01/1.86 (0-3 months) =0.68/0.44 (3-6 months) =2.52/2.32 (0-6 months)
MHQ
Kotsis et al. (2007)	N=96				Period 1 (3-6 months) Mean (SD) =9.2 (9) SRM= 0.8 Period 2 (6-12 months) Mean (SD) =2.2 (9.2) SRM = 0.2
Brief 12-item MHQ
Waljee et al. (2011)	N=132				SRM=0.91

Table 12.6.3 Methodological quality of each study per PROM and measurement property

Study	Language	Internal Consistency	Reliability	Measurement Error	Content Validity	Structural Validity	Hypotheses Testing	Cross-cultural Validity	Criterion Validity	Responsiveness
PRWE
MacDermid et al. (1998)	English		Good			Poor			Poor
MacDermid et al. (2000)	English									Good
PEM
Forward et al. (2007)	English	Poor			Good
DASH
MacDermid et al. (2000)	English									Good
MHQ
Kotsis at al. (2007)	English									Fair
Brief MHQ
Waljee at al. (2011)	English									Fair

Table 12.6.4 Levels of evidence for PROM instrument measurement properties in the English language in the setting of adults with a distal radius fracture

PROM instrument	Internal Consistency	Reliability	Measurement Error	Content Validity	Structural Validity	Hypotheses Testing	Cross-cultural Validity	Criterion Validity	Responsiveness
PRWE	na	++	na	na	?	na	na	?	++
PEM	?	na	na	?	na	na	na	na	na
MHQ	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	+
DASH	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	++
Brief MHQ	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	na	+

+++ = strong positive evidence, ++ = moderate positive evidence, + = limited positive evidence, +/- = conflicting evidence, ? = unknown due to poor methodological quality, na = no information available

Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010 Jul;63(7):737-45.

Goldhahn J, Beaton D, Ladd A, Macdermid J, Hoang-Kim A. Recommendation for measuring clinical outcome in distal radius fractures: a core set of domains for standardized reporting in clinical practice and research. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014 Feb;134(2):197-205.

Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2010 May;19(4):539-49.

MacDermid JC, Turgeon T, Richards RS, Beadle M, Roth JH. Patient rating of wrist pain and disability: a reliable and valid measurement tool. J Orthop Trauma. 1998 Nov-Dec;12(8):577-86.

Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996 Jun;29(6):602-8.

Macey AC, Burke FD, Abbott K, Barton NJ, Bradbury E, Bradley A, et al. Outcomes of hand surgery. British Society for Surgery of the Hand. J Hand Surg Br. 1995 Dec;20(6):841-55.

Chung KC, Pillsbury MS, Walters MR, Hayward RA. Reliability and validity testing of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. J Hand Surg Am. 1998 Jul;23(4):575-87.

Waljee JF, Kim HM, Burns PB, Chung KC. Development of a brief, 12-item version of the Michigan Hand Questionnaire. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jul;128(1):208-20.

MacDermid JC, Richards RS, Donner A, Bellamy N, Roth JH. Responsiveness of the short form-36, disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, patient-rated wrist evaluation, and physical impairment measurements in evaluating recovery after a distal radius fracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2000 Mar;25(2):330-40.

Forward DP, Sithole JS, Davis TR. The internal consistency and validity of the Patient Evaluation Measure for outcomes assessment in distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007 Jun;32(3):262-7.

Kotsis SV, Lau FH, Chung KC. Responsiveness of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and physical measurements in outcome studies of distal radius fracture treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 2007 Jan;32(1):84-90.

Wilcke MT, Abbaszadegan H, Adolphson PY. Evaluation of a Swedish version of the patient-rated wrist evaluation outcome questionnaire: good responsiveness, validity, and reliability, in 99 patients recovering from a fracture of the distal radius. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2009;43(2):94-101.

Lovgren A, Hellstrom K. Reliability and validity of measurement and associations between disability and behavioural factors in patients with Colles' fracture. Physiother Theory Pract. 2012 Apr;28(3):188-97.

Schonnemann JO, Larsen K, Hansen TB, Soballe K. Reliability and validity of the Danish version of the disabilities of arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire in patients with fractured wrists. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2011 Feb;45(1):35-9.

Schonnemann JO, Hansen TB, Soballe K. Translation and validation of the Danish version of the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation questionnaire. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2013 Dec;47(6):489-92.

Hemelaers L, Angst F, Drerup S, Simmen BR, Wood-Dauphinee S. Reliability and validity of the German version of "the Patient-rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE)" as an outcome measure of wrist pain and disability in patients with acute distal radius fractures. J Hand Ther. 2008 Oct-Dec;21(4):366-76.

Kim JK, Kang JS. Evaluation of the Korean version of the patient-rated wrist evaluation. J Hand Ther. 2013 Jul-Sep;26(3):238-43; quiz 44.

Mehta SP, Mhatre B, MacDermid JC, Mehta A. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing of the Hindi version of the patient-rated wrist evaluation. J Hand Ther. 2012 Jan-Mar;25(1):65-77; quiz 8.

Hand Disorders

Hand Injuries

Council and Committees

Methodology

Papers published only in the English language were included

Search Strategy

Emergency Department

Fracture Clinic

Surgery

Rehabilitation

Fragility Fracture

Outcome Measures